种质资源保护和利用的本质是文化的保护与传承

Pexels 上的 Lữ Hành Tuổi Trẻ Việt 拍摄的照片

今天本来应该写一天材料的,很遗憾由于严重的拖延症又犯了。结果是研究了一下午稻作文化。

得出的一个结论就是种质资源的保护,其本质是对人类文化,尤其是传统文化的保护与传承。

文化,是人类通过体力劳动和智力劳动在与自然界相处和自我的发展中所形成的一切物质性与精神性成果的抽象集合,是区别人类与动物的最主要特征,这是我的理解。

文化具有时代性。任何时代的文化都应基于对传统文化以及外来文化的继承、吸收、摈弃、改良、革新和创新。对传统文化的彻底否定,都是要不得的,是忘祖、忘本,是对历史的否定、对民族和自我的否定。

作物种质资源,必然是文化的重要组成部分,或者说是最重要的组成部分。大自然创造了植物,人类遵循自然法则将普通的植物改造成了自己所需要的形态,即种质资源。种质资源又支撑了人类的生存和繁衍,更形成了无数形式的文化。也就是说,种质资源既有其生态性,也有其文化性。没有种质资源,就没有人类的发展,更没有文化了。

没了文化,人都不能称之为人,失去了根基,搞种质资源还有什么意义呢?

过去,我们在进行种质资源保护与利用的时候,更多的是关注于资源本身的生态属性,忽略了其文化属性。近10几年的资源考察中,慢慢地加入了对民族文化的调查,但做得还很不够。个人觉得以后的工作中,可能还要引入一些外部力量,尤其是搞社会科学的同志参与,形成跨界的合力,共同做好资源工作。

文化的事情,太博大精深,没有太多能力探讨,发表几句,占个坑,以后想起啥来再补充。

BTW,今天下午搞这事的起因是,偶然翻了一下应存山先生的《中国稻种资源》,在云南稻种资源一章里有软米资源一节,谈到”群众将软米分成三等,最软最好吃的为一等,如毫姐海、毫民等以遮放米驰名海内外;毫底拉号、二王汗多等为二等软米;毫木西、毫安闷、毫安弄等属于三等软米“。毫木西是三等软米!之前编遮放贡米故事的时候,我们都讲的是毫木西、毫pi、毫秕,一直认为是同一个东西,只是音译不同。如此看,遮放贡米的故事得重新捋一捋了。

图片来自:Pexels 上的 Lữ Hành Tuổi Trẻ Việt 拍摄的照片

东方神稻

央视10频道《探索发现》的一期节目,《良种之战》(一),《东方神稻》,主要讲述野生稻保护与利用,里面有我单位野生稻专家杨庆文研究员出镜,请观赏!节目源来自CNTV
连接地址http://kejiao.cntv.cn/history/tansuofaxian/classpage/video/20101209/101046.shtml

做了点细致活

刚从RSS里看到了一篇云南日报的报道,讲种质资源保存的,应该是一篇软文,宣传报道科学院西南野生生物种质库的,今年他们在宣传上定是没少下功夫,大大小小的报道真是数不胜数,搜“中国西南野生生物种质资源库”在百度上是51,200篇,而搜“国家种质库”也才73,100篇,汗ing! 我们的PR做得真是不如人家啊,人家曝光率可真高啊,哈哈。首先声明一下,俺没有任何同业竞争所致的羡慕嫉妒狠啊,种质资源工作是讲协作和团结的,哈哈哈,他们那里我也去过,也认识他们那里许多朋友,弄得是挺不错的,设施条件很不错,先期投入钱很多,并且方向也不大一样。

看一下原文和我的注释:

————-美丽的分割线—————–

保护本土资源不外流,引入外地资源做研究

“生物资源有效保护与可持续利用的基础是种质资源,中国农科院国家农作物种子库现存的45万份种质中,仅有不到20%来源于国外。在这样的前提下,西南野生生物种质资源库将承担起种质保存的重要任务。” ——中科院青藏高原所副所长 杨永平

这话什么意思?首先,不叫中国农科院国家农作物种子库,而叫“国家种质库”,也忒不专业了点;然后,数据有问题,现在国家库应该是34万多份,加上国家种质圃,应该是39万多份,“45万”的数据不知是从哪里传出来的,反正不是我们说的;“20%”的说法没问题,差不多是这数,但是整句话的因果逻辑有点问题啊,“在这样的前提下”,西南库就“将承担起种质保存的重任”?把自己也看得稍微高了点,有本事先把云南我们未收到的资源收起来试试,嘿嘿,再说了头上顶的帽子就是“西南野生”,还是先干好主业吧,多做事,少说话,才是干事的。

杨永平研究员介绍说,在全世界保存的植物材料中,以种子形式保存的占92%,目前全世界近1300座种质库所保存的610多万份材料中,种子材料约占90%。

这数据,我没细查,应该是差不多的,根据WIEWS的统计,多于1500座种质库以非原生境方式保存多于1万8个种,500万份资源,当然这基本上是以农业植物种质资源为主。

西方发达国家非常关注对世界战略生物资源的收集保存,以美国为例,本土的生物资源并不丰富,但却是世界上保存生物材料最多的国家。在美国国家种子库现存的60余万份材料中,有约60%来自国外。

TND,美国人的系统就是做得好,这个我是有点羡慕嫉妒狠啊!不过文中关于美国的数据有问题,美国NPGS的统计在GRIN上很容易查到,截至2010年10月3日,NPGS保存536937份,其中美国本土137189份,所以可算出其境外收集比例为74.45%,好啦,大家以后写文章举例时就可以引用这个数了哈!有需要可以查这个

http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/stats/summary.stats

我国每年需花费1亿美元和1亿元人民币,用于生物种质资源的国外引种,仍无法或较难收集到具有核心战略价值的种质资源。

这数字表达法,绝了,呵呵,作者是人才!也不知这数哪来的。

 

中国西南野生生物种质资源库的建立,为我国有效保存国内外种子提供了良好条件。第一个五年内,资源库将达到6450种66500份(株),15年内达到19000种190000份(株)野生生物种质资源,其中包括部分重复保存的种类、复份、菌株和细胞株或细胞系。

他们这个工作真的是很重要的,云南本身资源真的是太丰富了.

将来的一天,我们或许可以在云南很轻易地看见南美的兰科植物、苦苣苔科植物;郁金香的原始品种,越南的山茶属植物(金花茶)……更重要的是,这些来自东南亚和南亚地区、中美洲、南美洲、中东地区以及非洲等地的药用、观赏、生物质能源、环境治理和保护、食用与饲用等生物资源和实验动物等战略生物资源,有一天或许能为我们所用,

你当是买水哈,人家能这么容易把好东西给你?还不是做交换引进,注意别把好东西弄出去了哈,犯法的哈,要么就是偷蒙拐骗了,原来大家一直都这么干,不过随着种质资源知识产权问题日益成为热点,这招以后怕是成问题,大家都在思考这个呢。

为我国农业产业的结构调整提供生物材料保障,为国民经济的持续发展提供战略资源储备。

嗯,到这没敢说大话,哈哈,只说为“农业结构调整”提供“材料保障”,还算厚道。

总之,这文章写得是差点意思,真心希望不是他们自己供的稿。。。。。

Preserving Diversity, Insuring Our Future

ARS的新材料,留着,以后有点用,原文地址:http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jan10/plant0110.htm

Plant Germplasm
Preserving Diversity, Insuring Our Future

Germplasm line derived from a wild African cotton species and located in College Station, Texas: Click here for photo caption.
Germplasm line derived from a wild African cotton species and located in College Station, Texas. 
(D1579-1)

If it were a museum, chances are it would be better known. But the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is a vital network of genebanks where plants from around the world are curated, propagated, analyzed, and distributed for scientific use.

Most of the 511,000 samples, or accessions, of seeds, tissues, and whole plants are not on public display. They are kept at more than 20 Agricultural Research Servicegenebanks, many of which receive additional support from universities and state agricultural experiment stations.

The materials are available to researchers and educators globally, and as one of the most extensive collections of crop diversity in the world, NPGS plays an integral role in maintaining the U.S. and world supply of food, fiber, and other economic crops.

In addition to its vital role in today’s agricultural research, NPGS serves as a kind of insurance policy for providing the resources to meet challenges to U.S. and global agriculture presented by evolving pests, pathogens, and environmental changes. It also provides producers with the crop diversity necessary to keep up with changing markets.

Maintaining diverse collections of living plant materials from around the world is a daunting task. Different crops and the wild species related to them have different storage and propagation requirements. Seeds of many species can be stored by drying and freezing, whereas seeds of other species cannot survive such treatments. Many fruit crops and other species must be maintained as whole plants in the field or in protected greenhouses or screenhouses to maintain their health, disease-free status, and unique genetic nature.

A sample of the range of colors, shapes, sizes, and textures of cotton leaves, bolls, and seeds in the National Cotton Germplasm Collection: Click here for full photo caption.
A sample of the range of colors, shapes, sizes, and textures of cotton leaves, bolls, and seeds in the National Cotton Germplasm Collection. Colored cottons, such as the orange and tan ones on the left, are used to make dye-free clothing and are native to Central and South America. The red-colored cotton boll, shown on the right, deters insect feeding.  Sharply dissected leaves, such as those near the bottom, help keep the cotton canopy aerated and free of mold in humid climates. (D1581-1)

“We want to make sure we have a broad base for every important crop in the collection, from both a taxonomic and a geographic standpoint, so when the need arises, we have the necessary genetic tools available,” says Gary Kinard, research leader of the National Germplasm Resources Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, which coordinates efforts to acquire, document, and distribute NPGS materials.

ARS shares the materials free of charge with researchers and educators around the world. NPGS mailed 183,000 samples to users in the United States and more than 75 other countries in 2008. ARS researchers are using the collection for a wide range of purposes, such as addressing water shortages in California’s Central Valley, combating a nematode that costs U.S. cotton growers an estimated $100 million each year, and finding resistance to diseases and pests that threaten the existence of important crops.

The uses of the collection are practically infinite, so only a few examples are given here.

Scientific Value

In California, almond production is affected by water availability. In addition, newly planted almond orchards often experience replant disease, a syndrome caused by an antagonistic microbial community in the soil. Malli Aradhya, a geneticist at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Tree Fruit and Nut Crops and Grapes in Davis, California, is searching the ARS collection of almond species from Asia to identify new germplasm accessions with the genetic traits that help combat replant disease and improve drought tolerance.

In College Station, Texas, geneticist and curator of the National Cotton Germplasm Collection, inspects the variation in leaf shape and coloration among cotton lines: Click here for full photo caption.
In College Station, Texas, James Frelichowski, geneticist and curator of the National Cotton Germplasm Collection, inspects the variation in leaf shape and coloration among cotton lines.
(D1580-1)

Nematodes are microscopic worms that can sometimes destroy up to 50 percent of the cotton crop in fields from Texas to Florida. Plant pathologist Alois Bell and colleagues used an African species of cotton that resists the reniform nematode, a common pest, to help cotton growers address part of the nematode threat. By crossing and backcrossing resistance from the wild African species into specially developed hybrids, they developed lines that produce quality fiber and resist the reniform nematode. Bell and colleagues, who recently released the seed of two lines to breeders, originally obtained the African species from the National Cotton Germplasm Collection, which is part of the ARS Crop Germplasm Research Unit at College Station, Texas.

Maintaining the cotton collection isn’t easy. Cotton seeds must be regrown every 10 years, and there are 9,300 different accessions of cotton. Curator James Frelichowski must keep seeds at 4˚C (39˚F) and at 20–23 percent humidity. Under those conditions, seeds remain viable for at least 10 years. New plants are propagated at nurseries in College Station and in Tecoman, Mexico. (See “Freeze-Drying Is Key to Saving Fungal Collection” in this issue.) The Mexican nursery provides an extended growing season and a good site for cultivation of a wide assortment of cotton.

Worldwide Plant Explorations Enhance Collections

ARS has a long-running program, active since 1898, to acquire new samples for its collections. Each year, researchers conduct about 15 expeditions, coordinated by the Beltsville germplasm laboratory, to search for a range of crops and crop relatives with unique traits, such as drought tolerance and pest and pathogen resistance. Foreign explorations are conducted with collaboration from institutions in host countries. Aradhya, for instance, collected more than 145 new accessions of fruit and nut germplasm in trips to Azerbaijan in 2007 and 2008. Such trips can have long-range benefits. A peanut found in a Brazilian market in 1952 is a source for resistance to a wilt virus of U.S. peanuts. A wheat plant collected in Turkey in 1948 effectively resisted a fungal pathogen that emerged as a major threat 15 years later. Its genetics are now incorporated into virtually every wheat variety grown in the Pacific Northwest.

Tracking Requests

Most requests for materials are filed through the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), an online database (www.ars-grin.gov) that identifies and keeps track of every sample in the collection. Paul Red Elk, a Lakota Sioux youth counselor and educator, has been accessing the database for 6 years to acquire seeds of corn, beans, and onions to teach Native American children, ages 6 to 16, about their ancestral ways in Farmington, Minnesota. His program is designed to instill pride in at-risk children, in part by getting them involved in community gardening. He likes using the GRIN database because it provides accurate descriptions of the origins of the seeds and other materials in the collections.

The youth grow corn, beans, and squash in circular patterns and raise native grasses, wild onions, and wild garlic for soups and stews, as Native Americans once did.

“We try to teach them that this is the way people used to eat,” he says.—By Dennis O’Brien, Agricultural Research Service Information Staff.

Map: U.S. National Plant Germplasm System
This research is part of Plant Diseases (#303) and Plant Genetic Resources, Genomics, and Genetic Improvement (#301), two ARS national programs described at www.nps.ars.usda.gov.

To reach scientists mentioned in this article, contact Dennis O’Brien, USDA-ARS Information Staff, 5601 Sunnyside Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705-5129; (301) 540-1624.

Plant Germplasm: Preserving Diversity, Insuring Our Future” was published in the January 2010 issue ofAgricultural Research magazine.

其相关新闻稿,应该学习一下

ARS Plant Collections Help Safeguard Crops

(PhysOrg.com) — In the months ahead, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists plan to collect walnuts from Kyrgyzstan, grasses from Russia, and carrots and sunflowers from fields across the Southeastern United States in efforts that will enhance one of the nation’s most effective tools for protecting the food supply.

Researchers will make the trips to collect plants with useful characteristics. The collected material will become part of the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), a network of gene banks that plays an integral role in preserving  that can be used to combat emerging pests, pathogens, diseases and other threats to the world’s supply of food and fiber.

The NPGS collections are made up of approximately 511,000 samples of seeds, tissues and whole plants kept at more than 20 ARS gene banks around the country. Many of the gene banks also receive support from universities and state agricultural experiment stations.

ARS scientists use collection materials for research and mail out thousands of samples of materials free of charge each year to researchers and educators in the United States and countries throughout the world.

ARS also funds approximately 15 expeditions every year to search for new samples of crops and crop relatives with unique traits, such as  and . The trips, coordinated by the ARS National Germplasm Resources Lab (NGRL) in Beltsville, Md., are conducted with collaboration from host countries and include benefits for these countries.

Useful traits in the samples added to the NPGS may be incorporated into crop cultivars, often many years later. For example, a peanut found in a Brazilian market in 1952 is a source for resistance to a wilt virus for most of the peanuts grown in the Southeastern United States and in many other nations. A wheat plant collected in Turkey in 1948 effectively resisted a  that emerged as a major threat 15 years later. Its genetics are now incorporated into virtually every wheat variety grown in the Pacific Northwest.

Requests for material are filed through the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), an online database (www.ars-grin.gov) that identifies and keeps track of every sample in the collection.

Read more about this and other ARS collections in the January 2010 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.

Provided by USDA Agricultural Research Service

新华日报文章:沿海植物资源亟盼”生态通道”

深秋季节,记者来到位于滨海县沿海滩涂上的江苏省耐盐蔬菜科技示范园,近万亩的沿海滩涂上,覆盖着一望无际的绿色植被,展示着这里物种的繁多和生机勃勃。

经营这片亚洲最大耐盐蔬菜种植基地的张春银告诉记者,这片示范园不仅是盐土农业高产作物的试验示范基地,也是沿海植物种质资源的保护和选育基地,目前他在滨海和东台开发的两块基地上培育、引进、种植的各类耐盐作物已近千个品种,光山芋就有20多个。

谈到沿海植物,张春银不无忧虑,据他所知,目前沿海植物濒临灭绝的有200多种,比如以前在江苏沿海常见的野生中华补血草、野生丹参、野生何首乌,现在几乎都找不到了。张春银提供的资料显示,1957年我国对沿海种质资源进行全国性普查时,约有2300多个物种,而到2007年时只有1700多个,灭绝了600多个,这对于我国沿海植被的生物多样性和生态平衡都是无法弥补的损失。

沿海植物物种迅速减少的原因很多,主要是岸线开发为工业用地后造成生态环境改变、外来物种的侵袭,以及人类超自然承受力的活动。而目前要解决开发和保护这对矛盾,应在补偿方面加大关注和投入,以尽量达到开发和补偿的平衡。

沿海植物种质资源的保护问题已引起关注。今年夏季,由10位专家、院士组成的专家组,对沿海植物种质资源进行了专门调研。专家们认为,沿海滩涂是沿海植物的主要栖息地,江苏具有明显的资源优势和保护条件。而且,根据江苏沿海开发规划,到2020年前将围垦利用滩涂270万亩左右,这对沿海植物种质资源保护来说,将是难得的政策机遇。最终,专家们联名形成了一份关于建立“国家沿海农业优质种源繁育基地”的建议,目前已由江苏省农林厅提交上报农业部批准。(王世停 张晨)